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3D Print Troubleshooting, Calibration & Parts

Symptom diagnoser

What went wrong with your print?

Pick the symptom you can see on the plate. Every fix here is written against a specific failure mode, with the settings that actually change it.

3D print troubleshooting by symptom: a part that never stuck is an adhesion fault, gaps and thin lines are extrusion, and an offset part-way up is motion. 3D Print Troubleshooting: Find the Fault by What You Can See What to look for Three cheap things diagnose most of what follows. A tool kit with nozzle needles, tweezers and hex keys… ABS Not Sticking to Bed — A heat problem before an adhesion problem ABS Not Sticking to Bed: Chamber Heat First, Adhesive Second ABS not sticking to bed is a heat problem before it is an adhesion one. Chamber temperature, bed prep that survives 100 degrees, and when a brim is enough. ASA Warping — The enclosure is the fix, not a hotter bed ASA Warping: The Enclosure Is the Fix, Not a Hotter Bed ASA warping is solved by an enclosure, not by pushing the bed hotter. What chamber temperature it needs, why draughts crack layers, and when a brim helps. Diagram of a layer stack showing the seam print defect. Blobs, zits and a visible seam line A small defect where each layer starts and stops, stacked into a visible line. Diagram of a layer stack showing the crack print defect. Cracking and layer delamination Layers separate under load or on their own. Weak bonding from cold plastic or a cold chamber. Diagram showing overhang angle measured from vertical, with the 45 degree rule of thumb and a drooping unsupported edge. Drooping overhangs and failed bridges Plastic sags before it sets. Cooling and slower perimeters do most of the work. Diagram of a layer stack showing the foot print defect. Elephant foot on the bottom layer The first layers bulge outwards. Too much squish plus a bed hotter than it needs to be. Build plate pairings for first layer adhesion: PLA on PEI with no glue, PETG on textured PEI or smooth PEI with glue, ABS and ASA on smooth PEI with glue and a closed enclosure, TPU on textured PEI at low bed temperature. First Layer Not Sticking: What 3D Printer Bed Adhesion Depends On Nine times out of ten the plate is contaminated with skin oil, not badly levelled. Wash it before you touch the Z offset. Diagram of a layer stack showing the shift print defect. Layer shifting partway through a print Everything above a certain height is offset. Belts, grub screws or a speed the machine cannot hold. Diagram of a partially clogged nozzle showing debris restricting the melt zone above the nozzle orifice. Nozzle clogged: partial and complete blockages A partial clog degrades quality gradually; a complete one stops everything. The cold pull handles both. PETG Not Sticking to Bed — Usually the opposite problem to PLA PETG Not Sticking to Bed: Why It Is Usually the Opposite Problem PETG not sticking to bed is rarer than PETG sticking too hard. The nozzle gap it wants, why glue is a release layer here, and the temperatures that work. PETG Stringing — Normal for the material, not a fault PETG Stringing: Why It Strings More Than PLA, and What Fixes It PETG stringing more than PLA is normal, not a fault. Why the material oozes, the retraction numbers that work, and why drying it matters far more here. PLA Not Sticking to Bed — Four causes, in the order worth checking PLA Not Sticking to Bed: The Four Causes, in the Order to Check Them PLA not sticking to bed is almost never the filament. Four causes in the order worth checking: bed height, a dirty plate, first-layer speed, and draughts. PLA Stringing — Retraction and temperature, in that order PLA Stringing: Why Dry PLA Still Strings, and the Settings That Stop It PLA stringing is retraction and temperature, in that order, and dry filament still strings if the settings are wrong. A test you can run in eight minutes. PLA Warping — Uncommon enough to be a clue in itself PLA Warping: Rare Enough to Be a Clue in Itself PLA warping is uncommon enough to be a clue in itself: it points at a draught, a cold bed or a tall thin part, not at bad filament. What to change, in order. Diagram of a layer stack showing the detach print defect. Print detached mid-print and turned into spaghetti The part came off the plate and the nozzle kept extruding into air. Adhesion, warping or a knock. Diagram of a layer stack showing the ring print defect. Ringing and ghosting on vertical surfaces Echoes of a corner repeating across the wall. Mechanical vibration the frame cannot damp fast enough. Drying temperatures to cure stringing: PLA 4 hours at 55 C, PETG 4 hours at 65 C, ABS and ASA 4 hours at 80 C, TPU 6 hours at 55 C. Stringing and oozing between parts Fine hairs across gaps. Moisture first, temperature second, retraction third — in that order.
Not a print defect? Error codes  ·  Calibration  ·  Filament
HMS, MINTEMP, thermal runaway, homing failed

Error codes

All error codes →
Creality K1 Error 2563: Host to MCU Communication Abnormal Creality K1 error 2563 means the host board and the motion controller have stopped agreeing. A working screen with a dead machine is the signature here. Creality K1 Error 2562: Hot Bed MCU Communication Abnormal Creality K1 error 2562 is abnormal bed controller communication. That harness never flexes, so look for heat marks rather than for any sign of real wear. Creality K1 Error 2514: Command Parameter Format Wrong Creality K1 error 2514 means a command parsed but a parameter inside it did not. That narrows it very sharply, and hand-edited G-code leads the suspects. Creality K1 Error 2308: Axis Accelerometer Fails to Measure Creality K1 error 2308 is an accelerometer measurement failure, near-identical to 2056. A different reporting layer, the same hardware, and the same fix. Creality K1 Error 2253: Parameter Above Maximum Creality K1 error 2253 means a parameter was set above its maximum value. Hitting a ceiling usually means ambition, where hitting a floor means a script. Creality K1 Error 2117: Extra Data at End of Message Creality K1 error 2117 means a message arrived carrying extra bytes. Either a tool is sending malformed frames, or the link is adding noise to good ones. Creality K1 Error 2116: Invalid Output Format Creality K1 error 2116 means something asked the printer to answer in a format it does not produce. A third-party tool causes nearly all of these ones. Creality K1 Error 2115: Unknown Value in Enumeration Creality K1 error 2115 means a value is not in its permitted list. That is a different fault from a number out of range, and it gets fixed somewhere else. Creality K1 Error 2561: Hotend MCU Communication Abnormal Creality K1 error 2561 is abnormal print head communication. That loom flexes on every single layer, so the cable leads and the board is a distant third. Creality K1 Error 2560: Main MCU Silent for 5 Seconds Creality K1 error 2560 means no data came from the main controller for over five seconds. Silence that long means something stopped, not that it struggled. Creality K1 Error 2527: Incomplete Motor Step Data Creality K1 error 2527 means the probe triggered but the step data arrived incomplete. The sensor worked, so skip the usual levelling remedies for this. Creality K1 Error 2513: Command Format Incorrect Creality K1 error 2513 means a command could not be parsed at all. Hand-edited G-code, a third-party tool or a bad transfer cause nearly all of these.
Z offset, flow, pressure advance, input shaper

Calibration

All calibration →
Temps, drying, enclosures, PLA vs PETG vs ASA

Filament

All filament →
Nozzles, plates, hotends — and what fits what

Parts & fit

All parts & fit →
OrcaSlicer, Bambu Studio, Cura, PrusaSlicer

Slicer

All slicer →
Which printer, which AMS, what fits your filaments

Upgrade & buy

All upgrade & buy →